Time series
Time Series is one of the first Grafana visualization panels. Some people still argue about what came first: Grafana or Time Series. With that being said, this panel is tightly embedded into the Grafana core and plays a giant role in Grafana's identity.
Data frames
In Grafana's realm, a data frame is a specific concept. In the picture below, you can see the fundamental basics of Grafana. A data source works with data storage to retrieve data according to the retrieval queries. A visualization panel expects data in a particular format to be able to display it.
The common denominator in this process is a data frame, meaning data in a specific format that a data source retrieves and the visualization panel expects as input. A data frame format is a table layout with typified columns.
For all instances when a data source cannot return a required format, Grafana, starting from v7.0, introduced transformations. Please refer to a separate section in our course to learn about transformations.
One column must be in a time data format for the Time Series panel to work correctly.
Time Series accepts the following formats.
Simple
The simple format consists of two columns. One column must be in a time format, and the other must contain metric values for display. Metric values should be numeric. Time Series treats a metric column as a data series.
Wide
The wide format is similar to the simple, but you can have multiple columns instead of one. Every column will be treated as a data series.
Multi-dimensional
The multi-dimensional data format is when a data source returns multiple simple or wide formats. Every single simple or wide, in that event, is called a dimension. You can switch between dimensions in the drop-down located between the visualization preview and the data source query area.
Display options
Time Series builds lines, bars, dots and any combination of those.
Override options
The override options feature is one of the powerful Grafana concepts. For Time Series, in particular, you might need it when working with either wide or multi-dimensional data frames.
Both of these data layouts are meant to contain data for multiple data series. The override functionality allows you to configure the visualization of each data series separately.
For instance, one data series could be a bar visualization and the other one - a line with a colored area underneath.
Streaming
Time Series visualization is ideal for displaying live data, or, in other words, streaming. Your data source must support streaming. You can find some profound examples of streaming in our Business Charts plugin documentation.
Yes, the materials are created for a different plugin, but it is as close as we could get to documenting streaming in Grafana at this moment.
Annotations and alerts
Time Series supports annotations and alerts natively. In edit mode, you can find the Alerts tab to create an alert rule for this particular visualization. All queries will be copied into the alert creation form, saving you time and patience.
For more information about annotation and alerts, please, refer to a specific section of our Grafana crash course.
Grafana's most popular plugin
If you like to reiterate the materials you just read in a video form, with examples and some step-by-step guidance, please, watch our YouTube video where I walk over the Time Series and demo along the way.
Monitoring Linux servers with Prometheus, Node Exporter and Grafana Time Series
Join me in this short tutorial to quickly learn how to create monitoring dashboards in Grafana, without spending hours reading through the documentation!
Both, the video and this article, are complementing each other since some of the materials are better in a motion picture format and some shine brighter in the written word.
